Variations of the Ankle Slasher :: Personal Narrative Urban Legends Essays

Variations of the Ankle SlasherAs I was growing up I regard as my mom warning me near guys hiding underneath cars and cutting the back of the ankles to steal your car. She told me this so convincingly that I thought it just had to be true. I mean, why would anyone be something up like that. I hold since learned that this was meant to scare me, and to encourage make me more aware of my surroundings. It made such an impression on me that to this day as I walk up to my car I pay help to what is under it. I correct find myself looking in the back seat as I unlock the door. I am not even aware that I do it until I get into my car and lock the doors. Through studying urban Legends in class, I have be get in truly interested in them. For this field report I decided to take this Urban Legend to see if there was anyone else who heard it, and to see if it was being passed on or if was just my deviant mother. My research consisted of two interviews. I interviewed a few of my friends t hat go to Indiana University and asked them if they would help me with my research. They agreed to an interview. With the interviews I compared variants of a maven Urban Legend. I wanted to see how each individual. s story differed, even though they were the same story. This is what makes an Urban Legend. I asked two people about the Urban Legend, The Ankle Slasher. I asked them if they were familiar with the legend. I to a fault asked whom they had heard it from and when. and then I asked them to tell me the story. subsequently they told me their version of the story, I asked if they had heard other version from anyone else. The first person I interviewed was Brian. He told me how he was familiar with the legend, though he can. t remember whom he heard it from. He also told me the version he has heard. He began by telling me how guys hide under cars in a mall, and then when the owners come out they would cut the ankles, around the Achilles. tendon. Then the guys would steal the ir packages and the car. He also explained to me when he heard this legend.Variations of the Ankle Slasher Personal Narrative Urban Legends EssaysVariations of the Ankle SlasherAs I was growing up I remember my mom warning me about guys hiding underneath cars and cutting the back of the ankles to steal your car. She told me this so convincingly that I thought it just had to be true. I mean, why would anyone make something up like that. I have since learned that this was meant to scare me, and to help make me more aware of my surroundings. It made such an impression on me that to this day as I walk up to my car I pay attention to what is under it. I even find myself looking in the back seat as I unlock the door. I am not even aware that I do it until I get into my car and lock the doors. Through studying Urban Legends in class, I have become very interested in them. For this field report I decided to take this Urban Legend to see if there was anyone else who heard it, and to see i f it was being passed on or if was just my deviant mother. My research consisted of two interviews. I interviewed a few of my friends that go to Indiana University and asked them if they would help me with my research. They agreed to an interview. With the interviews I compared variants of a single Urban Legend. I wanted to see how each individual. s story differed, even though they were the same story. This is what makes an Urban Legend. I asked two people about the Urban Legend, The Ankle Slasher. I asked them if they were familiar with the legend. I also asked whom they had heard it from and when. Then I asked them to tell me the story. After they told me their version of the story, I asked if they had heard another version from anyone else. The first person I interviewed was Brian. He told me how he was familiar with the legend, though he can. t remember whom he heard it from. He also told me the version he has heard. He began by telling me how guys hide under cars in a mall, an d then when the owners come out they would cut the ankles, around the Achilles. tendon. Then the guys would steal their packages and the car. He also explained to me when he heard this legend.

The Vices of Human Nature in Homers The Odyssey Essay -- World Litera

The sum of all human traits is defined as human temperament, meaning the excuse for our vices, and the flaws of mortal life. In Homers The Odyssey, the main slip Odysseus demonstrates these flaws throughout his journey, constantly struggling through the eternal fight for realization of life and death, and is weighed down by the never ending power struggle of nature versus mankind. In The final chapters of Odysseuss quest, the reader believes that the main character has finally found himself. The problem with his happy ending is that he has forgotten one thing. Odysseus is not accurate he is human. Though he has learned much through his perils, the vices of Pride, vengeance, and dependency, all come back to haunt him during the slaughter in the hall, leaving the reader to inquire if he learned anything during his time away from home. What if the true lesson learned was that human nature will always prevail? In book twenty-two, when Odysseus is preparing to slaughter the suitors, he exclaims, murdering bow in hand Look-your crucial test is finished, now at last But look ...

parkinsons disease Essay -- essays research papers

Parkinsons Disease and the protective mechanism of the antioxidant Vitamin EDescription and RisksParkinsons disease (PD) is a progressive movement disorder attach by tremors, rigidity, slow movements (bradykinesia), and postural instability. It is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by decreased production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter. Dopamine is responsible for most of the bodys smooth muscle movements. As a result, motor control in Parkinsons patients is disrupted, causing anything from uncontrollable tremors to muscular stiffness to slow-as-molasses movements. (2) PD affects about 500,000 spate in the United States, both men and women, with as many as 50,000 new cases each year. The disease usually begins in a persons late 50s and 60s it causes a progressive decline in movement control, affecting the ability to control initiation, speed, and the smoothness of motion. The symptoms of PD are seen in up to 15% of those between the ages of 65-74, and almost 30% of those were between the ages of 75-84. (3)Genetic RisksScientist identified two gene abnormalities present in PD patients whose families have a rate of the disease, indicating at least some evidence that the disease is inherited. Both abnormalities cause the body to produce an altered version of of import synuclein, the protein that shows up in dense masses in the brains of Parkinsons patients. (3). But in another study in the Journal of the American Medical friendship suggested heredity is a significant influence on how fast the disease will onset. Researchers identified 172 reduplicate pairs in which at least one twin had PD. If the condition was hereditary, the rate of both twins having the disease would be lower among fraternal twins, who share some, but not all of the same genes unlike selfsame(a) twins who share them all. In individuals who were diagnosed after age 50, the rate of twins who both had the disease was similar among fraternal and identical twins. In thos e diagnosed at 50 or younger, however, the rate was significantly lower in fraternal twins than in identical twins (2). Researchers also think that PD has environmental risks such as increase exposure to toxic chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, or heavy metals. For example, some studies of people liv... ...one, L., Bagala, A., Napoli, I.D., Caracciolo, M. & Quattnone, A. (2001) Plasma levels of Vitamin E in Parkinsons disease. account of Gerontology and Geriatrics 337-12. 6. Miklya, I., Knoll, B. & Knoll, J. (2003) A pharmacological analysis elucidating why, in contrast to (-)- deprenyl (selegiline), alpha-tocopherol was ineffective in the DATATOP Study. Life Sciences 722641-264810.Parashevas, G.P., Kapaki, E., Petropoulou, O., Anagnostouli, M., Vagenas, V. & Papageorgiou, L. (2003) Plasma levels of Antioxidant Vitamins C and E are decreased in vascular Parkinsonism. Journal or Neurological Sciences. 21551-55. 11.Roghani, M. & Behzadi, G., (2001) Neuroprotective effect of vitamin E on the early model of Parkinsons disease in rat behavioral and histochemical evidence. Brain Research 892211-217. 12.Vatassery, G.T., Demaster, E.G., Lai, James C.K., Smith, W.E. & Quach, H.T. (2003) Iron uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in brain mitochondria isolated from vitamin E-deficient rats. Biochemical et Biophysical Acta 1688265-273..

Essay --

Iowa resign University has a record breaking number of students enrolled for the 2013 school division. With such a boom in in the buff students, ISU has to get hold a place to house these students. Housing development companies like Breckenridge Land Acquisition of Texas have taken on the daunting task of building new student housing in Ames. Breckenridge has run into several roadblocks that have delayed building. These delays mean that prospective students like George Johnson of Sioux City, IA are still being turned away(p) due to housing constraints. I was ecstatic when I was accepted into Iowa State, but when they said they couldnt get my housing in order for the school year I had to find somewhere else to go, Johnson said. ISU reached its fifth consecutive year of growth with 33,241 students attending. Thats a 2,201 student increase just from last year. A line arises with this booming population of students. Iowa State University has too many students that it cant house. ISU has utilized other housing developments around Ames, such as Legacy apartments in Campustown, and Maricopa apartments in West Ames, to help with the overflow. Even with all of the new acquired properties added in to ISUs housing, there is still a need for student housing on and off campus. Companies like Breckenridge offer a solution to this problem.Breckenridge is a subdivision of Aspen Heights, a developer of duplex and Craftsmen style townhomes. Breckenridge representatives purchased 48 acres of property on what utilise to be the old Ames Middle School. The property sold at auction for $2.3 million last December. Their proposed plan for building on the belt down could house up to 900 students. Their plan has caused a great deal of controversy in the area... ...as steadily decreased since 2000. According to the Ames Chamber of Commerce, Ames High School enrollment has dropped from 1695 students in 2000 to 1495 in 2012. Former member of Ames School Board Patri cia Brown said, We want families to get kids into the school system so that we can support our Ames schools.So what does this mean for Iowa State students? No new development can begin on the property until the lawsuit comes to a close. Also, without the proper zoning regulations amended, Breckenridge cannot develop any new land on the property. This means no new student housing on the land for the foreseeable future. This means that students like George Johnson may find that they have nowhere to go.It was a major setback. Im taking classes at DMACC at the moment, but hopefully I can get my housing situation pass judgment out by next year, said George Johnson.

Healthier being a meat-eater or a vegetarian :: essays research papers

Healthier being a mrust-eater or a vegetarianThere are many consume habits all around the world. Most deal dont decide what they want for their eating choice until they are the age where they house decide what they want, without causing any health problems. Children are deciding at a younger age that they dont want to eat meat. Why is that? Do they know what eating meat could do to them, or do they do it because they dont want to harm animals? There could be many reasons why children are now avoiding meat and changing their eating habits at a much younger age. More adults are realizing this and gestateing- could I be healthier from not eating meat and becoming a vegetarian?What the American culture is used to is eating three meals with a few snacks in between a day, and two out of the three meals usually involve eating meat. Most people dont realize the risks of eating meat. Todays medical experts say that avoiding meat helps you avoid saturated fat. They have order out from s tudies that women who eat meat daily have a fifty percent greater risk of developing heart disease than vegetarian women and a cardinal percent greater risk in men (staff writer). People may not know about serious diseases meat can obtain such as, mad cow disease and foot-and-mouth disease. In the September 1999 issue of the Emerging Infectious Diseases, approximately 76 million food borne illnesses- resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths occur in the United States each year from improperly cooked or diseased meat (Licher). That is a lot You can also get salmonella poisoning from meat. People think that the problems come from eating red meat and are opting for fish over steak, but new evidence proves that fish can cause health problems too, risks that cant be cooked away. This is a growing problem called histamine poisoning (Peck). Children are learning at a younger age that they dont exchangeable meat, maybe because they dont like the taste, or maybe its because they have a fear of eating their favorite cartoon or moving-picture show hero. For example, the pig from the movie babe.The amount of people becoming vegetarians these days is growing. There are a few different types of vegetarians for example the lacto-ovo vegetarian doesnt eat any animal products except milk and eggs. Another type of vegetarian is the vegan, they exclude all animal products.

Healthier being a meat-eater or a vegetarian :: essays research papers

Healthier being a mall-eater or a ve hurtarianThere are m whatsoever eat habits on the whole around the world. Most people dont decide what they want for their eating choice until they are the years where they hobo decide what they want, without causing any health problems. Children are deciding at a younger age that they dont want to eat plaza. Why is that? Do they k direct what eating meat could do to them, or do they do it because they dont want to harm animals? There could be many reasons why children are now overturning meat and changing their eating habits at a much younger age. More adults are realizing this and thinking- could I be healthier from not eating meat and becoming a vegetarian?What the American culture is used to is eating collar meals with a few snacks in between a day, and two out of the three meals usually involve eating meat. Most people dont realize the risks of eating meat. Todays medical experts say that avoiding meat helps you avoid saturated fat. They have found out from studies that women who eat meat daily have a fifty percent greater risk of developing center of attention disease than vegetarian women and a sixty-eight percent greater risk in men (staff writer). People may not know about serious diseases meat can obtain such as, mad cow disease and foot-and-mouth disease. In the September 1999 issue of the Emerging Infectious Diseases, approximately 76 million intellectual nourishment borne illnesses- resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths occur in the United States each year from improperly cooked or diseased meat (Licher). That is a lot You can also get salmonella poisoning from meat. People think that the problems come from eating red meat and are opting for fish over steak, but new evidence proves that fish can cause health problems too, risks that cant be cooked away. This is a growing problem called histamine poisoning (Peck). Children are learning at a younger age that they dont like meat, maybe b ecause they dont like the taste, or maybe its because they have a fear of eating their popular cartoon or movie hero. For example, the pig from the movie babe.The amount of people becoming vegetarians these days is growing. There are a few several(predicate) types of vegetarians for example the lacto-ovo vegetarian doesnt eat any animal products except milk and eggs. Another type of vegetarian is the vegan, they exclude all animal products.

Importance of Breakfast Essay

Studies have shown that person who take breakfast are more alert, with higher level of concentration and founder problem-solving skills, and generally perform better in quality of work. The best time to eat breakfast is within an hour after(prenominal) waking up. After 10am, if pack feel it is too late to eat breakfast, they can eat a healthy snack to give them some energy for the dawn until lunch. If people having breakfast and develop a healthy breakfast routine, they will realize and understand the importance of breakfast. Lets find out the importance of eating breakfast. To break the day, people need energy. One healthy way to get energy is through eating breakfast. The word breakfast literally means to break the fast. breakfast provides your body and reason the nourishment it craves after an overnight fast. Having a meal in the morning servings you feel satisfied longer and helps deter snacking later in the day.Breakfast is essential to kick-starting your metabolism for t he day. While you are sleeping and fasting, your body slows down many processes and burns less calories. Eating breakfast helps send the sign up that it is time to bring these systems back up to speed so you burn more calories throughout the day. Now, you have know ones of other importance of breakfast, so permits look another important of breakfast. Breakfast can produce brain power. Breakfast is your brain meal. When you wake up you have been fasting for closely 8 hours. Energy giving glucose levels in your brain have dropped. The energy of the brain must be restored. Simply eating the right foods in the morning can maximize your brain power. Having a breakfast in like manner can make your brain functioning at its optimal level.Your brain needs glucose to function, and after a night of not eating, your bodys stores have been depleted. Breakfast helps raise your blood glucose levels back to normal to give plenty of fuel for your brain to perform its best. The benefits of breakf ast dont just to get energy and to produce brain power. Regularly eating a healthy breakfast also help you to control the body weight. Eating breakfast may reduce your hunger later in the day, which may make it easier to avoid overeating. When the persons skip a healthy meal in the morning, that persons will pick snacks high in sugar and fat to curb the hunger. Another is healthy choices.Eating breakfast may get you on track to make healthy choices all day. When you eat breakfast, you tend to eat a healthier overall diet, one that is more nutritive and lower in fat. When you skip breakfast, youre more likely to skip fruits and vegetables the rest of the day, too. Bear in mind that eating breakfast is important for your health. Without breakfast, its like climbing a mountain without any necessary equipment thus puts you at risk. The importance of breakfast is to get the energy, to produce brain power and help you lose excess weight and maintain your weight loss.

How market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses Essay

3.1 Explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businessesThere are different kinds of markets in different economies/sectors/goods. Accordingly, there are different kinds of output and pricing decisions which take place. Usu everyy, output and pricing decisions are interdependent except for the case of perfectly warring markets. In perfectly agonistical markets, a single firm is so sm entirely compared to the market that it arseholenot affect the worths. In that case, it must take the outlay as given, and then decide the quantity to be supplied. Price in this market is equal to the marginal cost of production. In monopoly, however, things are different. The monopolist endure variety the prices, as it is the sole provider of the good and thus has the market power. But here also, if the price increases quantity demanded decreases. Therefore, the monopolist must take under attachment both the positive and negative effects of increase in prices. I n another market oligopoly, pricing is a bit more complicated and it depends upon the strategic interaction among the firms. Market structure is the get along of buyers and sellers in a market.There is different market structures such as Perfect Competition, Monopoly and Oligopoly and are discussed below A place where different sellers of the same product then the firms price purpose and the output decision depends upon the demand for their products. In a competitive market buyers actually decide the price and firm take the output decisions as compare to the demand for the product because every firm tries to offer begin prices to their customer to increase their market share is known as Perfect competition. A scenario/market structure where a sole provider then price determination and output decision lies by the firm because in a monopolistic market the firm is the price maker and they can charge some(prenominal) price they want and customer tolerate to pay because customers le ave alone not welcome the choice to buy somewhere else with a lower price, In Pakistan we can find such an example with WAPDA.This is known as a monopoly. Market structure where several sellers of the same products then the sellers have a bit of supremacy everyplace the price due to the ongoing rate for their products. For example they all charge the same price and then it depends upon the customers from whom to buy. Sellers may charge the same price but there will be difference in the way they advertise their productsand attract customers to purchase their products, known as Oligopoly. 3.2 Illustrate the way in which market forces shape organizational responses using a range of examples Forces that determine the price take in the economy. Market forces can be a number of elements such as demand, summate, internal stakeholders, customers and providers. Two things can happen with the demand and the organizations are bound to give.If the demand for product increases the organizat ions response for the transfigure magnitude demand will be they will hire more workers and will produce with full capacity. If the demand for the product decrease there will be decrease in cash inflow of organization due to which their costs will exceed than their profit. Organization response for such situation will be that they will cut jobs of their employees to cut their costs. Same as the demand two things can also happen with supply of the products. When there is increase in supply of products the demand will decrease while if there is a decrease in supply of the products the demand will increase. Employee is also the factor that can change the behavior of the organization. If government announces mini wage the organization must accept it and must pay their workers with a minimum wage. If do not pay it to their workers, their employees will leave their jobs and will work for other organizations.Every organization aim is to satisfy their customers with their products. If any organization producing fashion product but they do have continuous interaction with their customers as fashion changes after every specific time period the organization will lose their customers because they wont be able to fulfill customer requirements and wont be able to satisfy their customers with their products. An organization is dependent to its supplier and without supplies the production process is unable to run. If supplier increases price for the raw materials it will automatically increase the cost of production of an organization. 3.3 Judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behavior of a selected organization governmental decisions also have an impact on business activities such as health and education for workers and the infrastructure of the economy. Nokia transferred one of its manufacturing facilities to India, it is important that Nokia have to follow all the rules in regulations set in India. The rules and regulations by India for Nokia may inc lude that Nokia must be aware of the minimum wage, working hours per week and health and safety for workers etc.All the newlaw and regulations by the government affect Nokias operations. Economic factors may include the economic situations as a whole. These factors include touch rate, exchange rate, inflation and economic development etc. Nokias Economic situation in Finland went to recession period once which decreased the level of income and resulted in decrease in demand for Nokias product. Due to an increase in costs Nokia cut jobs and unemployed some of their employees. Nokia must be aware of all such economic situations to be ready to handle them well. Social is about the society. Social factors may include change in taste, change in level of income, change in fashion etc. All the above factors affect the demand for the product normally it happens with Luxury and fashion products. Nokia operates in all over the world with their products and consider the finishing of every p lace they operate, now a day people want to have good looking and smart up to date phones, Nokia tries to be aware of every social trends in the society and come up with the demanded products by their customers.Technical this refers to a change and development in the way of production, as new technology improved the quality of products, increase in productivity etc. Legal the new laws applied on businesses by the government. Government passes different new laws after every specific time period which increases cost of the businesses. Such laws may include age discrimination, increase in minimum wage etc. For example, Apple operates where it is very difficult to have a product different from its competitors. Environmental factors include a change in weather, climate. Environmental changes affect businesses such as farming and tourism. Environmental factors are the external factors which firms have to consider due to a global change in the economy. Nokia must be friendly with their cus tomers to operate in appropriate manner as they water proof cell phones, phones with a plastic body which can be unbreakable etc. Environmental Culture is the attitude, behavior and the knowledge in a society is called the cultural environment.Cultural environment can be of two types Internal Culture Any attitude, behavior, action or policy developed among people in the company is called the internal culture of the company. Apples internal culture is that there is a team work system among employees and every employee has the freedom to give in input of their ideas for the success of the company. External Culture companys own mission and needs of the customers that the companycan quickly respond is called the external culture. Nokias external culture is that they give customers service to their customer as their first aim is the customer satisfaction and to achieve such satisfaction they always try to come up with high quality of products. Nokia always have an interaction with thei r potential customer to gain new ideas from them. Nokia always conduct their business in ethical, legal and socially responsible fashion.

Disaster Management Cycle

hazard Prep atomic number 18dness and Management Assignment No. 1 pic Submitted to Sir Muhammad Akmal caravanserai Submitted by Tayyab Hasnain Janjua Reg 14DD-410004 D. DRM Second Quarter Fall 2010 Disaster Management Cycle Disaster Risk Management includes sum total of all activities, programmes and measures which can be taken up before, during and after a calamity with the purpose to avoid a disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses. The three key stages of activities that argon taken up within disaster risk instruction are as follows picINITIATIVES TAKEN pic Figure 1. Three phases of disaster management cycle 1. Pre Disaster Phase Before a disaster (pre-disaster). Pre-disaster activities those which are taken to reduce human and property losses caused by a potential hazard. For example, carrying out ken campaigns, strengthening the existing weak structures, preparation of the disaster management plans at household and community level, etc. Such risk reduction m easures taken infra this stage are termed as mitigation and preparedness activities. 2. During disaster PhaseDuring a disaster (disaster take placerence). These include initiatives taken to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met and suffering is diminishd. Activities taken under this stage are called emergency response activities. 3. Post disaster Phase After a disaster (post-disaster). There are initiatives taken in response to a disaster with a purpose to achieve early recovery and rehabilitation of affected communities, immediately after a disaster strikes. These are called as response and recovery activities. ExplanationThe Disaster risk management cycle diagram (DRMC) highlights the range of initiatives which normally occur during some(prenominal) the Emergency response and Recovery stages of a disaster. Some of these cut across both stages (such things as coordination and the provision of ongoing assistance) whilst other activities are unique to each stage (e. g. Early Warning and Evacuation during Emergency Response and Reconstruction and Economic and 48 Social Recovery as part of Recovery). The DRMC also highlights the image of the media, where there is a strong relationship between this and funding opportunities.This diagram works best for relatively sudden-onset disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, bushfires, tsunamis, cyclones etc, but is less broody of slow-onset disasters, such as drought, where there is no obviously recognizable single event which triggers the movement into the Emergency Response stage. According to Warfield (2008) disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and effective recovery.The disaster management cycle illustrates the ongoing surgical procedure by which governments, businesses, and civil society plan for and reduce the impact of disasters, react during and immediately following a disaster, and take steps to recover after a disaster has occurred. Appropriate actions at all points in the cycle lead to greater preparedness, better warnings, reduced vulnerability or the prevention of disasters during the next cringle of the cycle.The complete disaster management cycle includes the shaping of public policies and plans that either modify the causes of disasters or mitigate their effects on people, property, and infrastructure. The mitigation and preparedness phases occur as disaster management improvements are made in anticipation of a disaster event. Developmental considerations play a key role in contributing to the mitigation and preparation of a community to effectively confront a disaster. As a disaster occurs, disaster management actors, in situation humanitarian organizations become involved in the immediate response and long-term recovery phases.The four disaster management phases illustrated here do not always, or even generally, occur in closing off or in this precise order. Often phases of the cycle overlap and the length of each phase greatly depends on the severity of the disaster. ? Mitigation Minimizing the effects of disaster. Examples building codes and zoning vulnerability analyses public education. ? Preparedness Planning how to respond. Examples preparedness plans emergency exercises/training warning systems. ? Response Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster.Examples search and rescue emergency relief. ? Recovery Returning the community to normal. Examples temporary housing grants medical care. To analyze the scope of disaster management in the revised context, it should be studied the cycle of the phenomenon (Figure 2). Disasters are as old as human history but the dramatic increase and the monetary value caused by them in the recent past have become a cause of national and international concern. everywhere the past decade, the number of natural and manmade disasters has climbed inexorably.From 1 994 to 1998, inform disasters average was 428 per year but from 1999 to 2003, this figure went up to an average of 707 disaster events per year. Figure 3 presents the deadliest disasters of the decade (1992-2001). Figure 3. Reported Deaths from all Disasters World Scenario (1992-2001) drouth and famine have proved to be the deadliest disasters globally (45%), followed by floods (16%), technological disaster (14%), earthquake (12%), windstorm (10%), extreme temperature and others (3%).Global economic loss associate to disaster events average around US $880 billion per year (CBSE, 2006). Conclusions There has been a dramatic increase in disasters and the damages caused by them in the recent past. Over the past decade, the number of natural and manmade disasters has climbed inexorably. Accordingly to the statistics, the number of disasters per year increased with 60% in the period 1999-2001 in comparison with the previous period, 1994 -1998. The highest increase was in the countries of low human development, which registered an increase of 142%.In these countries, the responsible institutions should play an important role but, in general, the disaster management policy responses are influenced by methods and tools for high-octane and sustainable interventions. There are no long-term, inclusive and coherent institutional arrangements to address disaster issues with a long term vision. Disasters are viewed in isolation from the processes of mainstream development and poverty alleviation planning. For example, disaster management, development planning and environmental management institutions operate in isolation and integrated planning between these sectors is just about lacking.Absence of a central authority for integrated disaster management and lack of coordination within and between disaster related organizations is responsible for effective and efficient disaster management. State-level disaster preparedness and mitigation measures are heavily tilted towa rds structural aspects and undermine nonstructural elements such as the knowledge and capacities of local people, and the related livelihood protection issues. In conclusion, with a greater capacity of the individual/community and environment to face the disasters, the impact of a hazard would be reduced. DURING 2

East Coast Yachts cash flows Essay

When looking at a recital of exchange combine its internal to find out what resources are being used under the operations category. As our text states, operating cash eat is rightfully the cash flow generated by business activities, including sales of goods and services. Under this category organizations can also calculate tax payments, but not financing, capital spending, or changes in shed light on working capital (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe, & Jordan, 2009). When examining the East Coast Yachts cash flow statement we can see operating costs are just high comme il faut to finance the companys purchase of fixed assets. Understanding what information is under each category is a key concept to understanding how the cash flow statement is set up. Which cash flows statement more accurately describes the cash flows at the company?The most accurate cash flow statement that describes the cash flows of East Coast Yachts would be the official accounting statement of cash flows. In this exercise there is only on cash flow statement so I would have to say this one would be the most useful when making business decisions. In light of your previous answers, signalize on Larissas expansion plans. Overall, when and if Larissa plans an expansion for this company they must find a way to raise additional capital. Currently as it stands the company really doesnt have the assets to make an expansion. They are barely covering their costs as is and the amount of money to expand is really not available to them at this time. Looking intoother investors to fund this expansion could be an option.ReferenceRoss A Stepehen, Westerfield W Randolph, Jaffe F Jeffrey, Jordan D Bradford. (2009). Corporate Finance, Core principles and applications. Second edition. McGraw-Hill & Ir

Apple Price Cut Essay

To what extent the iPhone pricing dodge is similar to the iPod pricing outline? How do you explain that the iPod equipment casualty chuck out did not lead to such a level of customers protest? Answer Both iPhone and iPod have experienced a vast amount of worth snip in their harvest-feast lifecycle. In this document, we tummy find that iPod was launched in October 2001. Tough relatively racy priced for an MP3 player, it was hugely rented and remains touristy till date though there was a price slash in 2005. Similar to the price cut of the iPod, two months later on(prenominal) the launch of the iPhone, apple lowered the price by 200 USD.However, regarding the price strategy, a big difference between two products is the timing of price cut. iPod adjusted its price afterward experiencing a 4-year success from its launch in 2001, whereas iPhone drop in price in only 2 month, which is the main score of why the iPod price cut did not lead to such a serious level of customer s protest. Although both price adjustments were designed for the aim to further hyperbolise in the trade food grocery store and improve the sales, we can find that the main reason for price cut of iPod is to sell more products in its declining period of product lifecycle.By contrast, the objective of price cut of iPhone is to rapidly monopoly the smart phone merchandise in its growing period of product lifecycle, which resulted a part of orchard apple tree fans profits since they bought the product in a blue price. 2. Market analysts pointed out that orchard apple tree had created a strong brand and customer loyalty which it capitalized on by adopting a skimming strategy in pricing. They also felt that customers accept its highly priced products with equanimity. To go a step further, they consciously expect it to be so.What does this tell you about the value of iPhone own-price snap, bollix-price elasticity and income elasticity? Answer The practice of price skimming involve s charging a relatively high price for a in brief time where a new, innovative, or much-improved product is launched onto a tradeplace. Obviously, due to the reason that Apple had created a strong brand image by its innovation of technology and creativity of design, and loyalty of customers, particularly those Apple crazy fans, the price skimming strategy was able to work extremely well when iPhone was launched onto the mart.Meanwhile, Apples iPhone entered the highly volatile cell phone market combining telephony, MP3, Web surfing and video watching, which completely revolutionized the tech-savvy market and was most awaited by both the technology enthusiasts and mainstream media. Therefore, the success of this strategy was largely bloodsucking on those first adopters inelasticity of demand for the product either by the market as a whole. However, in the cell phone industry, where the product lifecycle is relatively short and the market is highly competitive.Before some former( a)(a) competing products or substitutes emerging on the market, iPhone could enjoy its high price and benefit from its monopoly profits in a short term where demand is relatively inelastic. Whereas in the cell phone industry, the demand from mass market is price elastic, which is the main reason that Apple demand to drop its price to increase its sales according to its mass-market strategy. In terms of cross-price elasticity, we can think about this question from two aspects complements and substitutes.Firstly, due the reason that the demand of iPhone is price elastic in mass market, price of iPhone decrease, sum demanded of components increases, which leads Apple to get a lower price of components from its supplier and further guarantee its crude leeway of iPhone. In addition, the increase of sales also means the increase number of customer buying and renting apps from Apples online store. Secondly, considering substitutes, price of iPhone decrease, and quantity of competing pro ducts demanded decrease.Since the demand is price elastic, the lower production cost and increase revenue from Apple softer w atomic number 18 are able to recuperate the loss from cost cut. We can cave in the purpose that regarding to the income elasticity, a decrease of price of iPhone has a positive impact on its total revenue. 3. Based on the information provided in the representative would you say that the market for smartphone is closer to monopoly or to monopolistic competition? Justify. Answer Yes, base on the information provided in the case, I regard the smartphone industry as a monopolistic competition.Monopolistic competitionis a form of imperfect competitionwhere many competing producers sell products that aredifferentiatedfrom one another. Smartphone industry has pastime characteristics* There are several producers like Apple, Blackberry, Nokia, Motorola etc. , and many consumers in the market, but no company can total control over the market price. * Consumers perc eive that there are non-price differences among the competitors products. * There are few barriers to entry and exit.Producers have a degree of control over price. 4. Is the price cut firm by Apple two months after iPhone initial launch consistent with the smartphone market structure described above? Answer Yes, the performance of iPhone is consistent with the smartphone market structure. Firstly, the MC firms sell products that have real or perceived non-price differences. However, the differences are not so great as to eliminate other goods as substitutes. Technically, the cross price elasticity of demand between goods in such a market is positive.In this case, iPhone perform the same basic functions but have differences in qualities such as design, style, reputation and appearance. Secondly, independent decision-making is another characteristic of monopolistic competition. The firm gives no consideration to what effect its decision may have on competitors. In other words each fi rm feels free to set prices as if it were a monopoly. Lastly, Apple has some degree of market authority. Market office staff means that the firm has control over the terms and conditions of exchange. An MC firm can raise it prices without losing all its customers.The firm can also lower prices without triggering a potentially ruinous price war with competitors, which is the reason why iPhone was able to largely cut its price in two months. 5. Knowing the price cut affected negatively Apple reputation, do you believe Apple adopted an opportunistic pricing strategy initially selling the iPhone at a high price to take advantage of holiday season high spending habits and then dropping the price to stimulate market egression? Is this consistent with Apple pricing strategy in its other product lines like information processing systems and iPod?Answer I acquiret entirely believe that iPhone lunched at a high price was due to it attempted to take the advantage of holiday season high sp ending habits. From my point of view, there are two main reasons why iPhone priced high at the beginning Firstly, the core consumer groups of iPhone are enthusiastic fans of high-tech gadgets and some of them are loyalty customers of Apple. These parts of people are not comminuted for iPhones price. What attract them are its quality, design and innovation. The first adopters inelasticity of demand is a good opportunity for using the price skimming strategy.Secondly, high price strategy is an effective method to build a high-end brand image. Its much easier that a high brand image product cuts its price for promotion than a low brand image one raises it. For the tech-savvy market, the product lifecycle is short. We can often find on the market that a product of Apple or other brands cuts its price when it has been launched for a period of time. just now iPhone dropped its price only 2 months after it had been introduced onto the market. This strategy is quite different from other p roducts of Apple.For instance, iPod depreciated 2 years after it came into the market. Seeing the price of iPhone must(prenominal) be in line with iPod Touch, this strategy is special for Apple, comparing with other products. 6. According to Apple executives the fly the coop had been planned great ago and felt that the pricing strategy was conceived in part to keep the iPhones pricing in line with its new iPod touch. Explain to what extent a high-priced iPhone could be an obstacle to the success of the new iPod Touch. Based on what you know about Apple late development do you find that explanation convincing?Answer In terms of the features of these two types of products, iPod Touch is like a simplified version of iPhone, without the function of a phone. This determines that the prices of these two types of products must be in a line, which means, for a rational consideration, the price of iPod Touch must be lower than iPhone but not too furthermost away. If iPhone had not cut its price, iPod Touch must have had been priced at a higher level than the realistic one. We assume that, if iPhone 4 GB continued being sold at 499USD, iPod Touch may be sold at 400 or 450USD. As an mp3 player, it would be much more expensive than its competing brands.On the contrary, if iPhone had kept a high price level but iPod Touch had been set at a low one, the customers would have had been confused for why a simplified version of iPhone is so much cheaper than iPhone? That would have had a negative impacts on the sales of both iPhone and iPod Touch, even would have had impaired Apples brand image. Combining with what I know about the late development of these two types of products, I found although the price cutting had a temporary prostitute on customers trust, iPhone and iPod Touch both performed well on the market.It proved the importance of keeping the price of iPhone and iPod Touch in a line. 7. But the sharp price cut suggested that even Apple, which has long lived in a pricing bubble insulated from other personal computer makers, is not immune from the unforgiving pressures of the cellular phone business. Does this statement mean that the personal computers market is different from the cellular phone business in other words, the cellular phone market is more competitive than the personal computer market? Why? Do you share this view? Justify.Answer From this statement, I cant make the conclusion that the cell phone market is more competitive than the personal computer market. Apple is one of the earliest personal computer manufacturers in the world. Its personal computer products are behalf of the most advanced PC technology of the world. Especially its graphics processing technology and operating system have high reputation. Thus, Apples PC products long lived in a pricing bubble insulated from other personal computer makers. That means Apple has definitely strong market power on PC market. Its high price doesnt mean there is less competiti on.Furthermore, the technical innovation, appearance design, and function combination of cell phone products are updating so fast. So the lifecycle of a handset product is shorter than a computer. The price cutting often occurs when a mobile phone has come onto market for a period of time. The objective usually is for making price room for a new generation of product, which isnt caused by competing activities. In conclusion, I dont share this view. 8. Keeping in mind Apples range of high priced products which gives it an aura of exclusivity, was Jobs decision to reduce the price a pay off one? With a 50% gross margin, Apple is setting itself up for aggressive price declines going forward. Do you believe that Apple move is a sign that it is ready to enter a price war? Would this mean that Apple is leaving the niche market position it held for decades to go after mass market? What would be the pros and cons of that strategy? Do you believe it? Answer The characteristics of Apples pro ducts are novel design, fashionable appearance and the combination of music, game, music, clear surfing and other functions.It determines the positioning of iPhone must be high, and the main target consumer group is high income, music digital amateurs. This segment of consumer has low sensitive for price. keen price war will not yield more market shares for iPhone. So, the price cutting strategy doesnt mean Apple is ready for the price war. The products features determine Apples niche market strategy. But a cell phone product innovates relatively faster than other cargos. When a product successfully attracted some first adopters, how to sell them to more followers should be the core problem.Cutting the price and going in to the mass market is a universal method. Apple also adopted this strategy on iPhone. Pros of going to mass market * iPhone can attract more followers. nearly of them are sensitive to the price, their demands are elastic. Before the price cutting and entry of th e mass market, some of the non-owners didnt buy it just because of the high price. * iPhone can expand its market share quicker, and establish the competitive barriers. Its market power will be stronger. * The expanded customers would have had bought more online products, which would have had a big growth of income.By this strategy, iPhone can consolidate their customer-friendly brand image, and increase the loyalty of the customers. * The cooperation with ATT can get a synergy between these two brands, and can fuck off a sum of bonus revenue from the carrier. Cons of going to mass market * It made the brand image be lower than before. * Decreased the gross margin of iPhone. * Hurt some die-hards loyalty. * Increased the degree of monopoly, made the competition imperfect, and harmed the balance of the benign competition with its rivals.But a cellular phone product such as iPhone goes into the mass market is usually a temporary strategy when the product comes into the mature or decl ining period in its lifecycle, or when the company wants to make some price room for a new product. Apple cut iPhones price was just for keeping the iPhones price being in a line with iPod Touchs. It didnt mean Apple changed its main branding strategy to go into the mass market. For that time, I assume that it was a reasonable strategy for Apple to cut iPhones price.

Legal and regulatory environment that influenced the Internet Essay

The internet is a dynamic field which is a product of several influences, which at clock are contradictory. The constitutions of several countries were created before the advent of the internet, the need to create and amend laws and regulations governing the internet have influenced the internet. However, two major issues that have been of levelheaded and regulatory contention are privacy and security this is because privacy seems to be conversely related with security.The internet has made it possible for detailed personal information to be easily availed and shared, this has however infringed on the personal rights of privacy, according to Frackman, et al. (2002), several acts such as Gramm-Leach-Bliley flirt, Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act have influenced immensely the internet since firms have to comply with the provisions of the Acts on all the personal information they catch ,and the personal informati on availed as content in the internet, since availing much information infringes of personal rights .However the issues of electronic commerce, cyber crime, network and state security, intellectual property rights, consumer rights and change of credit information have called for sharing of more information on the internet. Laws and regulations, such as Protecting Cyberspace as a National asset Act of 2010, have called for extensive sharing of personal information on the internet, due to security concerns which in essence contradicts the objective of privacy.The privacy and security legal and regulatory environment have thusly greatly influenced the Internet. Explain how dingle initially used software and the Internet to increase sales and yield equal savings Dell is an international company offering computing services and products. Facing increasing costs in product distribution, the company founded the Integrated Dell Desktop (IDD) this offers simple desktop functionality to sa les representatives, who are connected to receiveher via the internet.The system offers the clients the possibility of ordering bespoke systems directly from hence eliminating the middle men, therefore saving costs this has been made possible by the companys website dell. com and call centres. Dell was able to increase sales due to increased guest satisfaction, as a result of customers having the product of their selection. IDD withal saved costs for dell, and improved profit for the company as well as offering warring strategic advantage since the sales personnel were empowered to get any relevant information , since all the back end systems were integrated.In addition, the company was also to save on personnel costs, costs on offering training to the sales representatives were reduced as well as customers being able to get all the relevant information concerning the products from the website. Moreover, storage costs were reduced since the machines were produced depending on the customers customization and shipped to customer. IDD and the internet have therefore contributed to reducing costs and increasing sales at Dell.

Gospel Parallels Essay

This is a research report of what I read and canvas among the two paragraphs in Throckmortons Gospel Parallels Paragraph 6, The Baptism of deliveryman, and Paragraph 249, The Crucifixion. This report will keep an eye on where the parallel Gospels differ and where they are similar. Additionally, you will hazard interpretations by me of the text critical notes and then Ill decide which reading is the better one.The Beatitudes Blessed are the unworthy in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven (Matthew 53). The Beatitudes are a group of sayings by Jesus that began with the words, Blessed are, and went on to identify who was blessed and why. It then finished with an exhortation. In this first case, the poor in spirit are those who are blessed because they will receive the kingdom of Heaven. The Beatitudes can only be found in Matthew and Luke, and while they have galore(postnominal) similarities, there are also differences. These help us to discover things about the sources us ed, as well as the intention of the author.First of all, one must note that Mark was not used as a source, since the Beatitudes are not found in Mark, yet Matthew and Luke still have many exact or common phrases. The similarities point to a common source, which we will call Q. However, Matthew and Luke show many differences as well, meaning that they did not simply use source Q. Matthew and Luke apiece inserted some sort of oral or written tradition before writing their own text.Many of the blessings stated in the texts are parallel mingled with the two gospels. They both talk about the poor as well as the kingdom of Heaven. They talk about those who are hungry and how they will be filled. They also talk about those who are hated on account of Jesus. Finally, they end with a command to rejoice, for those persecuted will have a great proceeds in Heaven since the same kind of persecution was done to the prophets.At the same time, however, Matthew and Luke clearly have different obj ectives or opinions regarding the text. In Matthew, the poor are the poor in spirit, while in Luke they are simply poor. Similarly, when talking about the hungry, Matthew is referring to those who are spiritually hungry while Luke talks about those who are physically hungry. Also, Matthews list of Beatitudes is much longer and includes talking about those who are merciful, pure in heart, the peacemaker, and those who are persecuted. Luke leaves these out entirely, probably because Luke was focusing more on the physical well-being of people.What is the former for these differences? There seems to be an overarching theme that is carried out inwardly both of these books. Matthew focuses on the divinity and suffering/rejection of Jesus. This then shows up within the Beatitudes as Matthew focuses on the spirituality earlier than physicality of the believers (poor in spirit verses simply poor), in the same way that he focuses on the divinity rather than physicality of Jesus. In additio n, Jesus is portrayed as one who is rejected, which is also a common theme as Matthew talks about the rejection of the believers and how they will be given the kingdom of Heaven.So, just as Jesus is rejected in Matthew, so will the believers be rejected. Furthermore, it can be seen that Matthew is talking to an audience that wants to compound all believers, not just Jews. Matthew very carefully points out that Jesus says, Blessed are those, Blessed are they, Blessed are the, which implies that Jesus is not talking to just those who were gathered at the time before Him (in contrast Blessed are you). Jesus means that anyone is blessed when they do these things.In Luke, the Beatitudes are focused more on those who are in need, a familiar theme throughout Luke. Here, Jesus is portrayed as one who is concerned for the poor, the marginalized, women, etcetera Luke clearly points out in his Beatitudes that Jesus is concerned with those who are in need and gives them hope for the future, t hat they will be filled, receive the kingdom of Heaven, have reason to leap for joy, etc. This comes just two chapters after Jesus mission statement from Isaiah 61 as He proclaims that He has been anointed to preach good watchword to the poor. While Luke also wants to incorporate the gentiles into his audience, he does have Jesus saying, Blessed are you, while speaking to the Jewish crowd that had gathered around Him.This is no surprise since Luke wants to undertake a more concise and put-together account of Jesus ministry. It seems that he thinks it more likely that Jesus would have addressed his audience directly. It does, however, alter in the last line as Jesus says for that is what their ancestors did to the prophets rather than for that is what your ancestors. . . This could perhaps be an argument for Lukes idea of the universality of the church.Both of these accounts provide glimpses into Jesus ministry and the heart or direction of the author, and though both contain varyi ng accounts, it seems all the more credible since they were written to a certain audience at a certain time.

Disadvantages of Globalization Essay

Globalization is any associations target. However, it should be noted that globalization has disadvantages as well as advantages. One of the disadvantages of globalization is the over-standardization of results with global branding. Using Emirate Airline to illustrate this point, globalization provide means that their services be standardized which aim to serve all customers. They would lose their uniqueness of the business culture after they go global. Also, the over-globalization will result in the lack of creativity and crop diversity. Moreover, globalization can alike become diseconomies of master as not all countries befuddle the same growth and economic cycle. For example, Emirate may operate real well in the Middle East and Europe mart but expanding into Asia or America market will reduce their profit. This could be due to difficulties of coordinating activities in those new markets or the culture differences. It is also grand to note that globalization will cause de-industrialization and high unemployment in the domestic market Segmentation, Targeting and postureAny business can not afford to promote their increase in the similar slipway using similar strategies. This is because not all harvestings can serve the same requirements and demands. However, it is very important that customers are aware of the brands existence and the unique selling point of the product and brand moldiness be well communicated to the user. Thus, businesses use segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP) to find their customers and target them so that they can promote their product in the most efficient way. The first step of product promotion or even when product is just at its research stage is segmentation. Segmentation is the division of a broad market in smaller categories consisting of individuals with the similar characteristics.These individuals tend to show similar thinking and perception towards products and brands. When the market fluctuates or a new identical product is introduced to the market, customers in the same segment usually have the same reply to the market and the product. In a simple word, market segmentation can be called grouping as it group people with similar characteristics and thinking together. In the case of Nokia, market segmentation is very important as it significantly enhance the trades process and the brand image of the firm. Nokia has many different lines of products so segmentation is on crucial process in its operation. Nokia segmentation could be kids, male, female, high income customer, low income customer, fresh people and etc. Targeting is the next phase of the STP process.Targeting is done after the broad market has been segmented. Targeting involves contrive various marketing strategies and promotional schemes according to the preferences of the different segments. Targeting is important as it could help an organization to reduce unnecessary promotion cost and also boost sale results of the product. As in the case of Nokia, they create phone for almost every segment so targeting them to the right segment will boost their sale results. For example, the Nokia cheaper line such as Nokia 1100, 1200, 1208 are aimed at people with lower income or as a secondary phone. On the other hand, Nokia 8800 is aimed at successful business man and their new smart phones are aim at young, middle income people.Positioning is the last stage of the STP process. After a community has done the market segmentation and targeting, it will work hard to create a good movie of its products in the target customers perception. Product positioning is what customers believe about the products value, features and benefits. It is important that the customers have a good perception over the product at the beginning stage of positioning otherwise, the product success will be quite challenging. By getting it right, positioning helps organization to create a good perception of the products in the mind s of target audience. Using the case of Nokia, after they segment and target their customers, they could emend the product positioning by creating unique point of the product that fits well with the targeted customers. For example, for female target, Nokia could create product in more feminine colors such as white, pink and etc.

Social Construction of Crime

Social Construction of Crime The obvious description of abhorrence is the legal definition of an act which breaks the law. It is a friendly construction as it varies across culture, clock and law. Crime is defined by a nightspots own rules, norms and beliefs at any given time in history. Hazel Croall emphasizes pathological way and social construction of abomination in the book. An analysis of reasons of crime reveals the position that crime is a functional part of a society, constructed by society in political, economical and cultural aspects and affects the society as a loop back.Crime is created by the government activity by choosing to outlaw something. establishment creates what crime is or non. For instance all non-violent drug offenses are crimes that would not be considered crimes if the government hadnt achieve drugs illegal. That is one form of how government constructs crime. Anformer(a) is that it constructs crime for its own interests. Money tracking laws and tax scheme are in this category. In fact the best way to make money is to get the government to force mint to give it to you.Such as in America the drugs of the bass and middle kin are either legal, or not strongly enforced. Generally celebrities who use cocaine do not do serious jail time exclusively the drugs of the poor and minorities are illegal because they seatnot afford to contribute commissions. Consequently as lawmakers consider crime as a creation of the citizens, in fact crime is a creation of lawmakers who decided to limit civil freedoms by their own righteous standards. However crime could change across cultures and times. For example, polygamy is illegal in Turkey but acceptable in many African cultures.Cannabis tincture was permissible as a painkiller in Victorian times but today possession of cannabis is illegal in UK. Crime is present in every society through the history. thus Durkheim argues that it could be assumed to be normal and its function determine d (14). Crime unifies the community, as it clarifies and strengthens moral sentiments, the collective conscience and the rules. On the other hand, Downes and Rock object this idea, claiming that crime may single out people by making them stay in at night, lock their doors and avoid talking to strangers (15). except these are valid for too much crime.Excessive crime leads people to disintegration, while too brusque crime is the product of too strong social control. Hence crime rates must not be excessively high or excessively low in order to crime could be functional. According to Durkheim, the cohesion and solidarity of pre-industrial societies broke up with the growth of industry (16). People started to have fewer moral standards or constraints to guide them. Peoples expectations additiond with the economic growth. Materialism and wealth became universal goals. And he called anomie as the search for attainable goals.Anomie reflects in society as many shipway such as conformist s, innovators, retreatists. Frustration and hopelessness as a result of boundless aspirations direct people to crime as another chance to achieve their goals. That is the inevitable social construction of crime that arises with industrialisation Furthermore crime can be related to economic conditions. Firstly unemployment is one of the important reasons to increase crime. Crow, consider increases in unemployment as a threat to law and order (34). With globalization, many traditional crafts and skills became redundant.Therefore unskilled workers could not find long-term jobs and opportunities for career progression. As Taylor says, economic cycles of growth and recession arrive changes in employment and consumption (34). Unemployment is popularly linked to crime. But the employed people also ordinate crime and all the unemployed people are not criminals. Such as the retired, the idle prosperous or the redundant executive could commit crime. Because worklessness means having more t ime and opportunity to commit crime. secondly another economic reason of crime is the market policies.Currie argue that market society promotes crime by increasing inequality and concentrated economic deprivation, weakening capacity of local communities, stressing and fragmenting the family and withdrawing public provision of rudimentary services (40). These policies affect not only lower class but all kinds of crime. The encouragement of individuation and the aggressive pursuit of profits can be associated with law breaking among managers and executives and with an increase in pecuniary frauds. Economic and industrial changes have also affected organized crime which can become an selection labour market (Croall, 41).To sum up, economic reasons take a large part in social construction of crime. Most importantly, crime arises in certain places in which there is the blatant segregation of the rich and poor. Mostly people tend to live in the homogeneous areas with other people wh o earn the same amount of money. In low income areas, people see crime as a way to make a few extra dollars. Therefore poor people commit crime more than other people and that forms the underclass notion. But it is government responsibility for the economic and social policies which produce these conditions.Government is hypothetical to do necessary regulations to protect poor people to commit crime. Taking into account all these factors mentioned above, we can safely arrive at the conclusion that crime is inevitable reality of humanity. Although there are a few exceptions, crime do not occur due to a criminal disease or a criminal gene. Its constructed in society rather than individually. Society creates crime, then crime affects society. In conclusion crime is what a society chooses it to be, and the crime rate is what the society chooses it to be.

China’s One Child Policy

The form _or_ system of government was put onto place In 1979 as an aggressive effort to ameliorate standards of nutrition and the economy through with(predicate) universe control (CNN). The initial insurance indemnity that was put into place was such(prenominal)(prenominal) stricter than the policy most people ar familiar with immediately. This is because the original plan was meant to be short-term (only a couple of decades), however its advant senesce of hold backing nearly 400 million births made mainland mainland China leaders imply twice about(predicate) terminating the plan altogether and instead revised the policy Into what it is today (CNN).This essay depart be breaking down the iodin minor policy by looking Into a sort f different aspects such as the company that oversees the policy and what rewards or punishments they hand out, the baby boomers issuance on the policy and the rea boy the leaders implemented it, and prior attempts to control the population . As well as the current population standings, the well-known daughter to son ratio problem, how it affected single families plan, and current feelings by the locals towards the policy. The one- small fry policy Is known by those that abide by It as the family provision policy. Understanding the policy In China Is difficult as on that point are many exceptions and rules. The family training policy states that married urban couples are only allowed one child. However, exceptions let in rural families, ethnic minorities, couples who themselves only stupefy one sibling, and foreigners residing in China. According to Maria Trichina, the NIFOC (The National Population and Family Planning Commission of China), Is a state agency amenable for overseeing population control, reproductive health and family planning crosswise China.The NIFOC was created to help families make decisions about their child, designate rewards to perpetual families, and enforce penalties when it is disobeyed. Everyone who falls to a lower place the policy in China is personally responsible to course session family planning and use proper contraceptive methods. Those that play by the rules are offered a number of perks such as special financial assistance, longer maternity and honeymoon breaks, Certificate of Honor for Single-Child Parents, loans, along with other rewards.Those that disobey the strict fair play can be fined up to half of their annual household income or be subject to confiscation of their household items. The excess children themselves may personally be subject to health and facts of life disadvantages. Trichina) All of these penalties and rewards make having a single child very attractive and make most couples non yet consider having a second child. The charge the policy is set up Is very offend and lucrative, making nearly 97% of the country follow Its guidelines. Hays) 1979 as the baby boomers of the sasss and asss were beginning to reproduce. The earth for th e sharp worry of the population in China came when leaders realized that China was home to a take in of the worlds population on tho 7 percent of the worlds land (Hester). The population increase during the sass through 1979 introduced a large number of problems in China. With such a rapid increase, came the governments inability to provide for its citizens the way Chinas citizens were used to the way that was previously possible.Also, leadership argued that rapid population growth would retard achievement of the quaternion modernization (industry, agriculture, science and technology, and defense) by hampering attainment of full employment and by cutting into increases in bang-up accumulation, living standards, and education (Bonaparte) The rule was implemented in order to return the country AAA high standard of living, education, and economic reform.Because the long term effect of the policy have non been felt and on that point are still a number of people in China that were natural beforehand the policy, it is changeful if Chinas purposes to make a better life for its citizens have been fulfilled. Judging by the number of children born infra the one child policy that plan to follow it with their own families, the policy obviously has its perks. But before this law was enforced, a number of other options were attempted. A number of other options were researched and attempted before the law went into effect, many failed efforts to control the population took place.Although the policy seems harsh, the one child policy was not implemented on a whim. In 1971 the Chinese government introduced a birth-limitation campaign called longer-later- fewer. In this plan men and women would have longer blocks between the births of their children, wait until they were older to have their first child, and have fewer than the average children. less than average was three children if you were a rural dwelling couple and 2 for those in the Urbana (Bonaparte).Du e to the lack of success f that program, the decision was made to limit couples to having Just two children in the year 1977, followed by Just one child in 1979. China leave alone maintain its one-child policy for at least some other decade as nearly 200 million Chinese will enter child- bearing age over the next 10 days. Minister Ghana Weighing told the China Daily newspaper, abandoning the policy during this period would cause serious problems and add extra thrust on social and economic development. However, the exact expatiate of the continued policy will be less strict and will include exceptions and options such as being able to apply for certificates to allow the birth of a second child. Another revision of the policy has not yet been started, however the grip is a lot less tight and more than families are able to have more than one child while still following the rules, and falling under the exceptions. The successes of the policy can be seen in the current population standings versus where the country was headed prior to the policy beginning.It is gravely to reflect what the exact population goals were and what the current population is as a number of sources contradict for each one other yet each claim to be en discontinued in China in the late sass and since population counts have been restarted in 1975 they have never been referred to as reliable. This shows that the population goal was not set in stone and that the actual population in China is unknown. According to sources, the estimated population in China has been continually growing since 1953 when the death rate began falling significantly and the birthrate increased, creating a 2. 8 percent population growth rate.The increase was initially coverd by the public and the leaders of China saw the population growth as part of the countries strength. A growing population following hundreds of years of war, epidemics, rebellions and the collapse of imperial authority was a welcomed change. (Kane) However, when the reality of the increasing population hit home and the effects of the growing population started effecting communities, the policy began being designed. When it was introduced, it is said the leaders had a goal in pass in 1979 they hoped the population of China, in the year 2000, would be at approximately 1. Billion. The 2000 census showed the population at 1. 27 billion, however many people argue that this is an underestimate because the census neuters in China is the similar committee that is meant to be in charge of population control. Whether the population actually decreased or not is hard to say, but what has been proven is that per woman, the fertility rate has dropped from 2. 9 children, down to 1. 7. (Hester) Chinas population, which now stands at about 1. 3 billion, is growing at the rate of 0. 6 percent and is expected to peak around 1. 6 billion by 2050, according to the U. S. State Department. CNN) Following the peak, it is expected to drop of f drastically resulting in the population numbers desired by leaders in China. As a whole, the policy has helped pr even offt approximately 250 million births since 1979. The greatest difference in population has come from those in urban areas, as those in rural settings are less keen on the rule. Although the rule only officially applies to those living in urban areas, couples in rural landscapes are also advised and sometimes pressured to follow the one child policy as well. Even before the rule went into effect, nearly 90% of urban couples had already decided to have only one child.This was in part due to the small living piazzas and the hours Chinese workers are expected to put into a Job. Add to that the exhausting tasks of caring for a family and the majority of couples cant sound having more than one child. Rural families, on the other hand, need larger families to financially support them as they grow older as they tend to have limited savings and no pensions (Kane). Disco uragements of larger families include financial levies on each additional child and sanctions which ranged from social pressure to curtailed career prospects for those in government Jobs (Kane).Specific measures varied across each individual community, but in a tight knit community, the pressure o adhere to the one-child policy is high. Having what they call unapproved pregnancies which are children that are not approved by the family planning authorities, can bring problems to more than Just the defiant family. For example, if a couple was to have an unapproved pregnancy in a community and this birth caused the community to exceed the yearly birth quota, then other families who had previously been approved to have a child, would have to wait until the next year and families in China.Not only do families feel pressure in having children, they also feel pressure in the gender of the child they have. A well-known effect caused by the one child policy in China, is the preference of hav ing a son over a daughter. Before the policy was implemented, the ratio was about 105 males to every 100 females general in China, but currently the ratio stands at 114 males to every 100 females. The desire to have a son rather than a daughter is due to the usance that in the parents old age, the daughter moves in with the parents of the son to care for them.In the event that a daughter is born instead off son, families abiding by the one child rule, more often peasants, dispose of the sister RL and try over a net, this time hoping for a son. This practice is called sex selective sistericide. Another well-known reason to dispose of the daughter is so that when the child grows up and tries to start a family, the families last name tied with the daughter wont have a chance to be tarnished by a daughter breaking the one child policy. Beliefs in China are that an sister does not own life until they are six months old therefore getting rid of the infant daughter is not seen as a c rime.The method used, most commonly by the father, is to place the infant in a bucket of cold urine that Chinese refer to as baby water. In a study through with(p) in 1980, for every 1000 infants being born across China, 53 were being disposed of, but in the rural areas of the country, the ratio was much higher (Kane). In some communities of China, one out of every three daughters born are disposed of. The boy to lady friend ratio proves to be troubling for China in the future, but as of now, no measures are being taken to prevent this common practice. Families struggle to decide whether to keep the daughter or try again for some other, in hopes that it is a boy.Many people were frustrated when the rule was set in place in 1979. leaving from the longer-later- ewer rule that did allow more than one child, Just a certain amount of space between each birth (usually 3 years), to having Just one child, ruined a lot of couples family plans. curiously those who had already had one chi ld, a girl, and were planning on trying again later for a boy. just about couples had to accept the plan and were plagued with the reality that their one child would be a girl and would likely go on them in their old age. But some couples broke the new rule, and tried for a son.Penalties faced for having another child included losing workforce points and even personal belongings. Some locals surveyed say it was worth it, but others, who had a daughter a second time, are now even more devastated. The only way to gain back those points and reclaim their confiscated items is for the woman to be permanently fixed by a licensed doctor. roughly all couples breaking the rule and having a second child are forced to undergo such procedures. For traditional families, it can be heartbreaking. However, for a number of more modern families, the policy is becoming soundless and even accepted.Some say having only one child ensures better care, including better nutrition, dress, education, and more attention. These modern couples embrace the one child rule, understanding that the best care can be given to a child when there is only one child to care for (Ghana). Modern couples understand the policy and some even chose to undergo the procedure after their first child to avoid being punished. These are the government or NIFOC. While there are some that agree and abide, there are still some that will fight it until it is taken out of practice.Those that fight it may not be beneficiaries of some of the positive results the policy has produced. Even some of the only daughters are enjoying benefits that, without the policy, would not have existed. Since the policy implementation over 30 years ago, a number of children born under the one child policy are now adults. Feelings towards the policy are across the board, but the statistics are not. A number of studies done show that children born under the policy, especially girls, tend to have a better life than those with multiple s iblings.One obvious reason for that is the family with one child is not scolded by the government with fees, income confiscation and other humiliations. But in the studies there are other reasons that children are better off as an only child. For example, many one child families are made of two parents and one gather. With no male heir competing for resources, parents have spent more on their daughters education and well-being, a groundbreaking shift after centuries of discrimination says Jeffery Hays, an expert on the one child policy.In 1978, women made up only 24. 2 percent of the student population at Chinese colleges and universities. By 2009, nearly half of Chinas full-time undergraduates were women and 47 percent of graduate students were female, according to the National pectus of Statistics. (Hays) This is the first time in Chinas history that school enrollment between males and females are near equal. So, although the policy might be hard to understand and frowned upon by many, the statistics cant be denied, having Just one child in China ensures that child a better life.In studying and reading of the family planning policy in China I believe that it is a very difficult rule to dissect. There are obvious reasons that the policy was set into place, and had it not been implemented, the population of China would have far outgrown the resources that country has to offer. I think the biggest egress that comes into play is the tradition of sons moving in with their parents to care for them. This is the largest reason that the surviving birth rate of females is so low and males is so high.It is hard to say to abandon the tradition and have elderly care in a home or find another way, however in China, the act of a tradition so strong between families it makes that idea unrealistic. I do think that something needs to be done that alters the tradition into something that welcomes both males and females into the world before China is overrun by males and the men to women ratio is even worse than it currently is. Overall I think the policy had to happen and it would not be wretched if other entries took this idea into consideration.

Owner-Manager Types Essay

Cranfield School of Management has been analyze the behaviour of entrepreneurs and their relationship with key staff in some thousands of growing UK companies. Cranfield study has concluded that it is the entrepreneurs themselves who be the most likely to be the biggest stumbling block to the harvesting and disclosement of their own company. Cranfield grouped entrepreneurs into four oerabundant types of relationship with their staff, main(prenominal)ly Heroes, Artisans, Meddlers and Strategists. Past Cranfield studies shows that most small firms do not think very often about their future strategy.In fact, less than a third of small and medium enterprises across atomic number 63 set their objectives in terms of profit and margins. This is somewhat surprising as profit and profitability be the key measures of argument success. However, as over two-thirds of proprietor-managed companies with a turnover of i 10 million do not have a plan at all, it should come as no surprise th at a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) entrepreneurs atomic number 18 strategists. Other research has uncovered the shocking fact that 60 per cent of senior staff in small firms communicate indoors two years of their appointment.Some of these early de discontinueures can be put down to poor recruitment. The researchers studied two important elements of this relationship. The first element studied was how more condemnation the owner-manager spent on routine caution tasks such as marketing, selling, analysing figures, reviewing budgets or arbitrating between managers. The twinkling one examines what level of business skills has been attained by the key staff. Heroes Probably the Heroes undertake one counselling function such as sales or output signal.The Heroes time is instanter spent on managing the business. As the level of business skill throughout their employees is still relatively low, the Heroes lead take the lead in starting routine centering procedures. They wil l introduce ideas from the courses they attend to the firm and be the only persons who unfeignedly understand them. That is the reason why they will be selled as Heroes from the rest of the employees. Unfortunately, this leads to the Heroes taking the Herculean shargon on their hands.In this case, allocating operations to the employees is relatively simple as the working skills in most businesses are either readily available in the local community or the people can be trained up without too much difficulty. On the other hand, passing out routine care tasks will almost always require that the owner or manager trains up his own steering teams. There are few well trained managers available to the small company because of two main reasons. Firstly, the overall pool of such people is small as training in the small business sector until recently has been almost exclusively concentrated on the Entrepreneur.Secondly, well trained managers usually render jobs in larger firms with more opportunities for advancement and more resources to practice the art of focusing on. The Heroes have a high capacity for improving the firm performance simply still have low harvest prospects when compared to their market. They have no time for strategic view and no depth of management to handle growth effectively. Artisans In the Cranfield model, the Artisans are characterized by low occupation with routine management tasks. The reason is that most of their time is spent producing a product or delivering a service.The level of business skills in the company is overly low as most of the Artisans staff is employed cooperateing in production or performing primary duties, such as book-keeping or selling. Artisans can include professional firms, such as architects and surveyors, manufacturers, sub-contractors or small building firms, owners of small retail chains such as chemists, telly stores and proprietors of hotels and restaurants. Little time is available either for routine management tasks such as examining performance or reassessing methods.Every hour that can be sold is sold and little time is left over to either improve the quality or profitability of todays business or to consider strategy for tomorrow. The Artisans have low growth prospects in relation to their market. Their training and development needs are to raise their awareness of the management significance as a business task of equal impressiveness with daily revenue earning. Meddlers The Meddler increases the level of management skills either by training or recruitment but then founders to delegate routine management tasks.At this stage, according to the Cranfield model, the owner-managers probably have no in effect(predicate) responsibilities and have assumed the role of managing directors. Typically, they spend much time anticipating subordinates, introducing more refined, but largely unneeded management systems. They also go on courses or read books that make them even more sound a nd sometimes better at routine management tasks than their own employees, who anyway are by now doing a perfectly satisfactory job of managing todays business. They get in early and leave late and practice management by walking about.The Meddlers problem is that they cannot delegate routine management tasks because they feel useless. They have been used to a 70-90 hour week with only 10 days holiday each year. Once their management team is in place and trained, they are out of a job. Until they cut off their involvement with routine management tasks, they will limit the growth capacity of this firm for two reasons. Firstly, their management team will not take on more duties if the reward for taking on the conk lot of responsibility was being irritated and criticised. Secondly, they are too busy checking on people to develop sound strategies for growth.Strategists The Strategists are the most desirable type of entrepreneurs to develop a growing business. They develop the managemen t skills of their team to the highest appropriate level and in depth. They may introduce a staff duty to help their line managers in such areas as personnel and market research. This will free-up their key managers to think strategically too. They will dedicate roughly a third of their time to management tasks such as supervise performance, co-ordinating activities, resolving conflict and helping to manage todays business.A third of their time will be spent motivating, counselling, developing management teams and helping them to manage change. This practise is aimed at improving the active business. The final third of their time will be devoted on developing strategic thinking to form the shape of the future business. Their training needs will be to continuously update their mall leadership and motivation skills and to increase their depth of knowledge on strategic issues, acquisition or divestment activity and financing sources. Relationship between the Owner-Manager and His Ke y Staff in a Growing FirmThe graphic path of development for the relationship between the owner-manager and his team is to pass from Artisan to Hero to Meddler and for the lucky few to become Strategists. Why Family Businesses Die The family business is deeply rooted in the sense of pride of the owner like most of other forms. Schein (1998) said that this is reinforced by a desire for autonomy which forms part of the five career anchors. This becomes possible with the combination of vision, energy and dedication. Moorman and Halloran (1993) stated that there are more businesses that fail than they succeed in this competitive market place.Twenty-four from one hundred start-ups fail in the U. S. , within the first two years and more than sixty within the first six years. This happens due to lose of planning and preparation which is the most common reason. The second is the lack of creativity which is important to survive. Some businesses offer the same product may succeed because t hey are doing something better and more innovative than competition. The Copy blare approach lacks creative skills to turn its product into a unique selling proposition. This can be harmful for family businesses.

The Status of Women in Ancient Times

The Status Of Wowork force In Ancient Times Throughout the years, wo men have had to action for the function to gain independence and freedom. They have been through with(predicate) good propagation and bad, except through exclusively of it women have won respect and responsibility for themselves. In the times of Ancient Egypt, women had small-army more rights than new(prenominal) places. Inheritance and property were important to them. The status of women in Mesopotamia was as simple as a contract, and men were their priority. The Napoleonic Code and the shariah law Law were degrading and difficult.It is important that we reflect on what women have been through to grow for the future. In Ancient Egypt, women were mainly important for reproduction. Children were very important, and infertile women were part immediately. Marriage was a very important aspect, as it was almost considered a duty of the Egyptian people. It was also popular to adopt cousins, brothers, and sist ers considering family and dynasties were very important. If ace was to be divorced it was a very private matter, but if they wanted, women could get divorced for any reason.The men were also free to marry as many women as they liked. Women could inherit their husbands be and property. They could give it to anyone or keep it, and many of the husbands rules were written in his allow for. Women had a parcel of rights in Ancient Egypt and that is very close to what we are today. In Mesopotamia, the rights for women were very different. The status of women in their sum relied completely on a contract. The women were forced to stay with their husbands until he wanted to leave her, and there was vigour she could do if she was wretched in the relationship.Once the husband divorced, they could not re-marry. Men dominated in every aspect, compensate the children. For women to have any inheritance or property it had to be in a written document. several(prenominal) of the things women could do in Mesopotamian times were that they were able to buy and sell in the market place, and they could attend all legal matters. They could also conduct business on their property. The only reason why this was important though was because the men were lazy and wanted the women to work for them.The Napoleonic Code was a code in old-fashioned times which also contained rules for women. The main aspect was that as long as men took care of the wives and protected them, the women had to have full obedience to their husbands. They had to ask to do anything and everything. There was no such thing as more than one marriage, because the only way a woman could divorce her husband was if they had grave or a severe injury. If the women committed adultery they would have three months in jail and a divorce, where as if the men committed adultery there was no punishment.The men were so powerful that if they were ever unhappy with their sons, they could get them arrested. The men had full u se of the wifes inheritance and property if she gave his approval, and it was very elevated that she didnt. Also, if anyone else wanted their inheritance, they would have to sue the owner of the inheritance. The husband managed the dowry completely, but had to give the wife one thing per year for maintenance or personal need. The only right the wife had was that she could make her will without the consent and authority of her husband.Lastly, the Sharia Law was unfair to women as well. The major inequality that is noticeable is that the Moslem men could marry non-Muslim women, but Muslim women could not marry non-Muslim men. Also the men could divorce their wives but he had to pay an already agreed sum of money that was established before the marriage. Women could onluy divorce men if they were infertile, insane, had leprosy or some other skin desease. The men had full power over the children, yet the baffle could only have power over them if they were too young to part from their mothers.The worst part of the Sharia Law was that the men were given right under the Quran to hit their wives. The only right the women had were rights to inheritance, and the right to make a will. Researching all about the status of women in ancient times makes me so pleasing to live the way we do today. Women should not be treated like objects or property. For a man to be able to hit a woman is so shocking to me. I believe that we should learn from our past world and know that we should not repeat some of the aspects of the law in ancient times again.

Plc Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plc - appellative ExampleTo be able to work, the PLC first monitors different conditions. Basing on these conditions, an outcome is determine. The next step of PLC physical process is the creation of logical rules by use of programmable software which provides for adaptability. The final is decision-making depending on logical rules. Decisions are determined by logical rules that the PLC is taught by way of its programming software.3. The PLC functions by observing the interaction of four privileged areas. The four internal areas of the PLC are the Central Processing Unit, CPU, the memory, the communication ports, and the Input/Output devices (AutomationDirect.com, 2010).4. The CPU is the discover where decision-making in the PLC takes place. It also has a memory, where the CPU stores the users control programme, the Input/Output (I/O) status, and data. communion ports make up the third internal area, and these allow for the users programme to be impish into the memory from a personal computer (PC). It also facilitates the communication with other external memories including other PLCs in order to exchange data. The fourth internal area is made up of Input/Output devices5. wherefore were PLCs were invented/developed - PLCs were initially developed to hurt specifications that were developed by General Motors Hydra-matic division to replace relay-based machine control due to their use of latter logic programming. PLCs would, therefore, help to allow for quick changes and reduction in wiring, and troubleshooting time. This was a huge development from the older rely-based control systems.8.What makes a PLC rattling versatile is the ability to programme and re-programme it. Re-programming makes it possible to change the outcome when, and if, the future conditions change, so as to meet the changing